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Emma Watson Emma Watson ...

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Harry Melling Harry Melling ...

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How to Use Windows 7 Without Activation

Most of you might be aware of the fact that it is possible to use Windows 7 and Vista for 120 days without activation. This is actually possible using the slmgr -rearm command which will extend the grace period from 30 days to 120 days. However in this post I will show you a small trick using which it is possible to use Windows 7 without activation for approximately an year! Here is a way to do that.

1. Goto “Start Menu -> All Programs -> Accessories” . Right click on “Command Prompt” and select “Run as Administrator“. If you are not the administrator then you are prompted to enter the password, or else you can proceed to step-2.

2. Now type the following command and hit enter

slmgr -rearm

3. You will be prompted to restart the computer. Once restarted the trial period will be once again reset to 30 days. You can use the above command for up to 3 times by which you can extend the trial period to 120 days without activation.

4. Now comes the actual trick by which you can extend the trial period for another 240 days. Open Registry Editor (type regedit in “Run” and hit Enter) and navigate to the following location

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\SoftwareProtectionPlatform

5. In right-side pane, change value of SkipRearm to 1.

6. Now you will be able to use the slmgr -rearm command for another 8 times so that you can skip activation process for another 240 days. So you will get 120 + 240 = 360 days of free Windows 7 usage.

120 days using “slmgr -rearm” command before registry edit

+

240 days using “slmgr -rearm” command after registry edit

= 360 Days

How Windows Product Activation (WPA) Works?

Windows Product Activation or WPA is a license validation procedure introduced by Microsoft Corporation in all versions of it’s Windows operating system. WPA was first introduced in Windows XP and continues to exist in Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7 as well. WPA enforces each end user to activate their copy of Windows so as to prevent unauthorized usage beyond the specific period of time until it is verified as genuine by Microsoft. How WPA really works was a closely guarded secret until GmbH analyzed WPA using a copy of Windows XP RC1 and published a paper on their findings.

In this post you will find answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about Windows Product Activation.

Why activation?

Microsoft’s intention behind the activation is to limit the usage of it’s Windows operating system to only one machine for which the retail license is issued. Any other computer which runs on the same license must be disallowed from using the software. Thus WPA demands for activation of the product within 30 days of it’s installation so as to ensure that it is genuine.

What does “Genuine Windows” means?

The copy of Windows is said to be genuine only if the product key used during the installation is genuine. It means that a given product key (retail license) must be used to install Windows only on one computer for which the license was purchased. Thus if the same key is used for the installation on another computer, then it is said to be a pirated copy.

Exactly what information is transmitted during the activation?

When you activate your copy of Windows you are transmitting an Installation ID code to the Microsoft either by phone or Internet depending on the method you choose to activate. Based on this, the Microsoft’s licensing system can determine whether or not the installed OS is genuine. If it is said to be genuine, then the system will receive the Activation ID which completes the activation process. If the activation is done via telephone then the Activation ID needs to be entered manually to complete the activation process.

What information does the Installation ID contain?

This Installation ID is a 50-digit number which is derived from the following two data.

1. Product ID – It is actually derived from the 25-digit product key (the alphanumeric value that is printed on the sticker over the Windows CD/DVD case) that is entered during the installation of the operating system. The Product ID is used to uniquely identify your copy of Windows.

2. Hardware ID – This value is derived based on the hardware configuration of your computer.

The WPA system checks the following 10 categories of the computer hardware to derive the Hardware ID:

• Display Adapter
• SCSI Adapter
• IDE Adapter (effectively the motherboard)
• Network Adapter (NIC) and its MAC Address
• RAM Amount Range (i.e., 0-64mb, 64-128mb, etc.)
• Processor Type
• Processor Serial Number
• Hard Drive Device
• Hard Drive Volume Serial Number (VSN)
• CD-ROM / CD-RW / DVD-ROM

Thus the Installation ID which is a combination of Product ID and Hardware ID is finally derived and sent to Microsoft during the activation process.

How is the Installation ID validated?

The Installation ID needs to be validated to confirm the authenticity of the installed copy of Windows. So after the Installation ID is received by Microsoft, it is decoded back so as to obtain the actual product key and the hardware details of the computer involved in the activation process.

The Microsoft’s system will now look to see if this is the first time the product key is being used for the activation. This happens when the user is trying to activate his Windows for the first time after purchase. If this is the case then the Installation ID is validated and the corresponding Activation ID is issued which completes the activation process.

However Microsoft system will now associate this product key with the hardware ID of the computer and stores this information on their servers. In simple words, during the first use of the product key, it is paired together with the Hardware ID and this information is stored up on the Microsoft servers.

What if a computer running a pirated copy of Windows attempts to activate?

The activation fails whenever the copy of Windows installed is not said to be genuine. This usually happens when the product key used for the installation is said to have been used earlier on a different computer. This is determined during the activation process as follows:

During the validation of the Installation ID, the Microsoft’s system checks to see if the same product key was used in any of the previous activation processes. If yes then it looks to see the Hardware ID associated with it. The computer running a pirated copy of Windows will obviously have a different hardware configuration and hence the Hardware ID will mismatch. In this case the activation process will fail.

Thus for a successful activation, either of the following two cases must be satisfied:

1. The product key must have been used for the first time. ie: The product key should not have been used for earlier activations on any other computer.
2. If the product key is said to have been used earlier, then the Hardware ID should match. This happens only if the same computer for which the license was genuinely purchased is attempting for subsequent activation.

What about formatting a hard disk?

Each time the hard disk is reformatted and Windows is re-installed, it needs to be re-activated. However the activation process will be completed smoothly since the same computer is attempting for subsequent activation. In this case both the product key and the Hardware ID will match and hence the activation becomes successful.

What is I upgrade or make changes to my hardware?

In the above mentioned 10 categories of hardware, at least 7 should be the same. Thus you are allowed to make changes to not more than 3 categories of hardware. If you make too many changes then your activation will fail. In this case, it is necessary to contact the customer service representative via phone and explain about your problem. If he is convinced he may re-issue a new product key for your computer using which you can re-activate your Windows.

Some things WPA does not do

• WPA does not send any personal information at all about you to Microsoft. There is still an option to register the product with Microsoft, but that is separate and entirely voluntary.
• If you prefer to activate via phone, you are not required to give any personal information to Microsoft.
• WPA does not provide a means for Microsoft to turn off your machine or damage your data/hardware. (Nor do they even have access to your data). This is a common myth that many people have about Microsoft products.
• WPA is not a “lease” system requiring more payments after two years or any other period. You may use the product as licensed in perpetuity.

I have tried my best to uncover the secret behind the WPA. For further details and more technical information you can read the actual paper by Fully Licensed GmbH at http://www.licenturion.com/xp/fully-licensed-wpa.txt. I hope you like this post. Pass your comments.

How to Enable or Disable Hibernation in Windows 7

Enabling or Disabling the “Hibernate” option in Windows 7 or Vista is not as simple as it used to be in Windows XP. For Windows 7 a different approach has to be followed to accomplish the same job. In this post you will find how to enable or disable the Hibernate option in Windows 7.

Hibernation is a power saving option which was designed primarily for laptops. Unlike “sleep mode” which puts the open documents and files into the memory, hibernation puts all the open files and documents on to the hard disk and shuts down the computer without drawing even a small amount of power. Thus hibernation becomes an excellent way to save power and resume Windows back to the state where it was left off. If you really want to use this feature on Windows 7 then you need to enable this option. This can be done as follows.

1. Open the Command Prompt with “Administrator rights”. To do so, type cmdin Start menu and then hit Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

2. Now type the following command in the command prompt and hit Enter.

powercfg /hibernate on

3. Type exit and hit Enter to close the Command Prompt. Now you should see the “Hibernate” option in the Start menu. If not then perform the following steps.

A. Type Power Options in the Start menu and hit Enter.

B. In the left pane, open the link labeled “Change when the computer sleeps” and then open the link “Change advanced power settings”.

Now a small window will pop-up as shown below:

C. Now expand the Sleep tree and turn off Allow Hybrid Sleep as shown in the above screenshot.

D. Now you should see the Hibernate option in the Start menu.

10 Tips to Avoid Getting Adware

Adware, malware, spyware and viruses can bring your system to its knees. They are detrimental, lowering the performance of your computer. You might need to replace data. You might lose unique files. Keep the nasties away from your computer using these ten simple tips.

1. Use Firefox: Internet Explorer is the most popular browser on the market, controlling over 50% of the market share. The virus and adware creators specifically look for exploitable vulnerabilities within IE because they know that they will receive the best return on investment. Your switch to Firefox prevents some adware from infecting your machine.

2. Scan your PC once a week: Sometimes adware programmers take a sneaky approach. They will set up their programs to run quietly in the background to spy upon your activities. This once a week scan is necessary to remove any of those sneaky bugs.

3. Download from known sites: New sites for installing adware are popping up all the time. If you find something that you want to download, make sure that it is from a known site. A company like Amazon will not steer you wrong, but Bob’s House of Wares might be a little less trustable. If you are not sure whether you can trust a site, perform a quick search.

4. Install Adaware: Ad-Aware is the most popular free adware removal program on the market. It detects, quarantines and removes adware. It searches for other programs which may have been installed, highlighting them in an easy to use interface. This program does not have an anti-virus attached.

5. Do not click on unsolicited email: You are constantly receiving offers to increase this or improve that through unsolicited email. Your curiosity may be killing you, but don’t click on these emails. They accept your click as permission to install adware, spyware and malware on your PC.

6. Install Antivirus software: Installing two programs for virus and adware protection is a smart idea. It caters to the strengths of each program, increasing the overall strength of your antiadware and antiviral campaign. Some of the best antivirus software is free, providing real time protection. Programs to look at would be Avast Antivir and AVG.

7. Don’t install toolbars: Even some reputable sites install custom toolbars. They slow your system down and collect information about your surfing habits. While a toolbar might offer some perks, it may also diminish your experience by dragging your system to a halt. Toolbars from less reputable places install adware and sometimes infect your system outright.

8. Look at your task manager: If anything seems out of place with your computer, take a look at your task manager. This tells you about all of the programs and processes which are running on your computer. Examine the processes tab for anything which you don’t immediately recognize. Perform a web search for unfamiliar processes.

9. Do not click on popups: Clicking on a popup usually spells certain doom for your computer. It opens the door for the viruses and adware that want to infect your machine, telling these malicious applications to make themselves at home. Stay away from those constantly advertised screensavers and icons.

10. Trust your gut: If you don’t feel right about a site, don’t go there. If you are receiving warnings from the antivirus and antiadware programs which you’ve installed, don’t go there. If you don’t like the layout of a site, don’t go there. Trust your instincts about sites.

With proper vigilance, you can keep aggravating adware, spyware and malware from your machine. Trust your instincts. Install Ad-Aware and an antivirus program. Play it safe. The care you spend in preventing adware from infecting your machine can save money and time.

This article was added by James Adams who is currently a writer and analyst at a supplier of printer cartridges and franking machine supplies. Much of his writing is about using advertising and productivity to help growth.

Hack Facebook Password

Wondering to know how to hack Facebook password? Well before you try to hack any Facebook password, it is necessary to understand the real ways of hacking that actually work and also those that are simply scam and don’t work. Everyday I get a lot of emails where people ask me “how to hack Facebook password?” So in this post I have taken up this topic to show you the possible ways to do that!

Today even a noob computer user (perhaps like you) can easily hack Facebook or any other social networking site with ease in a matter of hours and thus hacking is no longer the secret art of a Russian hacker! Well the idea behind this post is to expose the truth behind hacking Facebook account so that you can stay away from all those scam sites which will rip off your pockets by making false promises to obtain any password for you. Also this post is not meant to encourage people into hacking Facebook, but rather it is meant to educate the Internet users to be aware of the common scams and frauds and stay away from them.

With my experience of over 7 years in the field of ethical hacking and security, all I can tell you is that there are only two ways to successfully hack a Facebook account.

1. Keylogging – Easiest Way to Hack Facebook Password

Keylogging refers to simply recording each and every keystroke that is typed on a specific computer’s keyboard. This is possible with the use of a small computer program called keylogger (also known as spy software). Once installed, this program will automatically load from the start-up, runs in invisible mode and start capturing each and every keystroke that was typed on the computer. Some keyloggers with advanced features can also capture screenshots and monitor every activity on the computer. To install and use a kelooger one doesn’t need to have any special knowledge. That means anyone with a basic knowledge of computer can install and use this software with ease. Hence for a novice computer user this method is the easiest way to hack Facebook password. I recommend the following keylogger as the best for gaining access to facebook password.

SniperSpy is a revolutionary product that will allow you to easily access *ANY* online accountor password protected material such as MySpace, Facebook, Yahoo, Gmail etc. There are absolutely *NO* limitations to what accounts or websites this software can access!

How do Email Spam Filters Work

If you are the one who works with emails on a daily basis, you are most likely to be using a SPAM FILTER to ease the job of sifting through a large number of spam emails every day. Needless to say that spam filters do make our job a lot simpler by automatically filtering out the spam without which it is almost impossible to manually filter the junk emails that arrive in millions each day. However, it is often necessary to have a basic knowledge of how spam filters work and on what basis they flag an email as spam.

How Spam Filters Work?

There are different kinds of spam filters:

Header Spam Filters

Header spam filters work by examining the header information of a particular email message to check if it appears to have been forged. The header of every email contains information which tells the origin of the email. ie: The incoming email ID and usually the IP address (server address) of the sender. So spammers often forge the header to input a false sender ID and IP address so as to make it difficult to trace them. Thus if an email is supposed to have a forged header or if the same message is found to have been sent to multiple recipients, it is most likely considered as a spam by many filters. This method of spam filtering is often quite effective, however occasionally it may result in some of the requested newsletters from being misdirected into the spam folders.

Content Spam Filters

Content spam filter is one of the most effective and widely used filter to combat spam emails. They use a sophisticated algorithm with a set of pre-defined rules to determine whether a given email is a spam. They work by scanning the entire text/body of the email to search for specific words and patterns that make them resemble a typical spam message. Most content spam filters work based on the following criteria and check to see

1. If the message speaks a lot about money matter. Commonly suspected words include: lottery, discount, offer, bank account, money back guarantee etc.

2. If the message contains adult terms like: viagra, pills, bed, drugs, hot and so on.

3. If there is any sort of urgency. Most spam emails call for an urgency by using terms such as hurry, offer valid till etc.

4. If the message contains a single large image with little or no text then it is often considered as spam by many filters.

Each content spam filter may have it’s own set of additional rules using which it evaluates each incoming email. In most cases content and header spam filters are combined together to achieve higher level of accuracy.

Language Spam Filters

Language spam filter is designed to simply filter out any email that is not in the user’s native language. Since spammers come from all parts of the world with different languages, a language spam filter can help get rid of those annoying emails that come in the languages that you can’t read!

User Defined Spam Filters

User defined spam filters can be very handy, however they need a considerable amount of time investment in configuring and setting up a set the rules using which the filter works. For example, the user can configure to have all the emails from friends and company to reach the inbox, newsletters to reach a secondary inbox and all those remaining to the spam folder. Here the user must carefully examine the patterns of spam emails that he receives from time to time and needs to set up the rules accordingly. This filter when improperly configured can sometime lead to false positives or false negatives.

Other Types of Spam Filters

Popular webmail services like Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail combine both header and content spam filtering techniques. In addition to this they also use their own algorithms to combat spam. For example services like Gmail uses “optical text recognition” to identify spammy text inside an image. Also users are provided with an option to “Report Spam” whenever a spam email accidentally reaches the inbox. With the user feedback, the filter learns and becomes more powerful in carrying out the filtering process.

What to do when your Email Account is Hacked?

How to Recover Hacked Email Accounts?

It can be a real nightmare if someone hacks and takes control of your email account as it may contain confidential information like bank logins, credit card details and other sensitive data. If you are one such Internet user whose email account has been compromised, then this post will surely help you out. In this post you will find the possible ways and procedures to get back your hacked email account.

For Gmail:

It can be a big disaster if your Gmail account has been compromised as it may be associated with several services like Blogger, Analytics, Adwords, Adsense, Orkut etc. Losing access to your Gmail account means losing access to all the services associated it with too. Here is a list of possible recovery actions that you can try.

Step -1: Try resetting your password since it is the easiest way to get your account back in action. In this process Google may ask you to answer the secret question or may send the password reset details to the secondary email address associated with your compromised account. You can reset you password from the following link

Gmail Password Reset Link

If you cannot find success from the Step-1 then proceed to Step-2.

Step-2: Many times the hacker will change the secret question and secondary email address right after the account is compromised. This is the reason for the Password Reset process to fail. If this is the case then you need to contact the Gmail support team by filling out the account recovery form. This form will ask you to fill out several questions like

1. Email addresses of up to five frequently emailed contacts
2. Names of any 4 Labels that you may have created in your account
3. List of other services associated with your compromised account
4. Your last successful login date
5. Account created date
6. Last password that you remember and many more…

You need to fill out this form as much accurately as possible. It is obvious to forget the dates of last login, account creation and similar terms. However you need to figure out the closest possible date/answers and fill out this form. This is your last chance! The more accurate the information filled out in the recovery form, the more the chances of getting your account back. You may reach the account recovery page form the following link

Account Recovery Form

For Yahoo and Hotmail:

Unfortunately for Yahoo/Hotmail there is no second option like filling out the form or contacting the support team. All you need to do is either answer the secret questions that you have setup or reset the password using the secondary email option.

To initiate the password reset process just click on the Forgot password link in your login page and proceed as per the screen instructions.

I hope this post will help you recover the lost account. I highly recommend that you also read my post on How to protect your email account from being hacked and Tips to find unauthorized activity on your Gmail account so that you always stay protected!

Cell Phone Lookup – How to Do a Reverse Cell Phone Lookup

A Reverse Cell Phone Lookup is simply a process of finding someone’s personal details such as name, age, address and related information by using their cell phone number. At times it becomes necessary for us to start investigating on someone to know their personal details. The reason for this can be many – Some people may go for a cell phone lookup in order to locate their old friends, some to investigate the prank calls or to trace a suspicious number.

There exists a lot of websites on the Internet that offer reverse cell phone search, some claim to be free while others ask you a small fee for the subscription. There also exists a few directories that provide access to both landline and cell phone numbers thereby providing an all-in-one lookup service.

Since most people wish to access this information for free, they go in search of those websites which provide the reverse cell phone lookup service for free. Most scam websites take up this tendency of people as an added advantage and try to attract more and more visitors by promising them to provide the search service at a free of cost. In reality, the visitors of these websites may pick up malware programs like viruses and trojans. So you should be very careful not to visit any of such websites unless you are 100% confident about their legitimacy.Hence in order to do a reverse cell phone lookup, you need to find a trusted website/directory service that provide information which is accurate and authentic.

Even though there is no national cell phone lookup directory available in United States due to various privacy concerns, there are still a number of top quality directories used by various private detectives, journalists and those why are in need to spy on their cheating spouse or children. These companies invest a lot of time and financial resources in gathering mobile phone and landline numbers by using both private and public sources, as well as major cell phone carrier restricted databases.

Thus by using this service it becomes just a cakewalk for anyone to find the details associated with any phone number whether it be a cell phone or a landline. The entire process of finding someone by cellphone number is very straightforward – all you need to do is just enter the phone number that you want to trace down and hit the “Search” button. You will be able to instantly view the information such as the phone owner’s name, age, mobile provider, billing address, previous addresses and more.

I recommend the following cell phone directory to search both mobile & landline and listed/unlisted residential numbers. The site is completely safe and uses a 128-bit secured access to maintain 100% privacy of the uses. All searches remains private and anonymous. Click on the following link to gain access now!

Phone Number Scan

How to Detect Anonymous IP Addresses

As the fraudsters are now becoming more sophisticated in bypassing the Geo-location controls by using proxies (Anonymous IPs) to spoof their IP address, it has become very much necessary to come up with a means for detecting the proxies so that the authenticity of the users can be verified. Using a proxy (web proxy) is the simplest and easiest way to conceal the IP address of an Internet user and maintain the online privacy. However proxies are more widely used by online fraudsters to engage in cyber crimes since it is the easiest way to hide their actual Geo-location such as city/country through a spoofed IP address. Following are some of the examples where fraudsters use the proxies to hide their actual IP.

1. Credit Card Frauds

For example, say a Nigerian fraudster tries to purchase goods online with a stolen credit card for which the billing address is associated with New York. Most credit card merchants use Geo-location to block orders from countries like Nigeria and other high risk countries. So in order to bypass this restriction the credit card fraudster uses a proxy to spoof his IP address so that it appears to have come from New York. The IP address location appears to be legitimate since it is in the same city as the billing address. A proxy check would be needed to flag this order.

2. Bypass Website Country Restrictions

Some website services are restricted to users form only a selected list of countries. For example, a paid survey may be restricted only to countries like United States and Canada. So a user from say China may use a proxy so as to make his IP appear to have come from U.S. so that he can earn from participating in the paid survey.

Proxy Detection Services

So in order to stop such online frauds, Proxy Detection has become a critical component. Today most companies, credit card merchants and websites that deal with e-commerce transactions make use of Proxy Detection Services like MaxMind and FraudLabs to detect the usage of proxy or spoofed IP from users participating online.

Proxy Detection web services allow instant detection of anonymous IP addresses. Even though the use of proxy address by users is not a direct indication of fraudulent behaviour, it can often indicate the intention of the user to hide his or her real IP. In fact, some of the most used ISPs like AOL and MSN are forms of proxies and are used by both good and bad consumers.

How Proxy Detection Works?

Proxy detection services often rely on IP addresses to determine whether or not the IP is a proxy. Merchants can obtain the IP address of the users from the HTTP header on the order that comes into their website. This IP address is sent to the proxy detecting service in real time to confirm it’s authenticity.

The proxy detection services on the other hand compare this IP against a known list of flagged IPs that belong to proxy services. If the IP is not on the list then it is authenticated and the confirmation is sent back to the merchant. Otherwise it is reported to be a suspected proxy. These proxy detection services work continuously to grab a list or range of IPs that are commonly used for proxy services. With this it is possible to tell whether or not a given IP address is a proxy or spoofed IP.

How to Tell Whether a given IP is Real or a Proxy?

There are a few free sites that help you determine whether or not a given IP is a proxy. You can use free services like WhatisMyIPAddress to detect proxy IPs. Just enter the suspected IP in the field and click on “Lookup IP Address” button to check the IP address. If it is a suspected proxy then you will see the results something as follows.

So for all those who think that they can escape by using a spoofed IP, this post is the answer. I hope this information helps. Pass your comments.

How to Save Bookmarks in IE, Firefox, Chrome and Opera

How to Save Bookmarks in IE, Firefox, Chrome and Opera

How would you like to save your bookmarks in IE, Firefox, Opera and Google Chrome so that you can restore them in case if you need to re-install your operating system or move them from one computer to another? This post will show you how to save and restore bookmarks in simple steps.

Bookmarking the favorite web pages can save a lot of time as it becomes almost impossible to remember a list of favorite websites and their URLs. However it can be really frustrating at times when you lose all those saved bookmarks in case if a computer crashes. Also if you are a person who uses more than one computer then it becomes hard to copy all those saved bookmarks one by one manually. So saving the bookmarks can become handy in such situations. Here is how to to do it.

Saving a Bookmark file in Internet Explorer

1. From the File menu, select the option Import and Export.

2. Select the option Export to a file and click on Next.

3. In the next screen select Favorites and click on Next.

4. In the next screen again click on Favorites and click on Next.

5. Now choose the destination where you want to save your bookmarks and click on Export.

6. In the next screen click on Finish.

Now you have successfully saved all your bookmarks in a .HTM file. You can use this file to later restore the bookmarks to either IE, Firefox or any other browser. To import the saved bookmarks from a file all you need to do is goto File menu, click on Import and Export, select the option Import from a file and proceed with the screen instructions.

Saving a Bookmark file in Firefox

1. From the Bookmarks menu on the top select the option Organize Bookmarks.

2. A window will pop-up. From the window click on Import and Backup at the top and select the option Export HTML.

3. Now choose the destination where you want to save the bookmark file and click on Save.

To restore this saved file, follow the step-1 and in step-2 select the option Import HTML instead of Export HTML and proceed.

Saving a Bookmark file in Google Chrome

1. From the Tools menu, select Bookmark Manager.

2. Click the Organize menu in the manager.

3. Select Export bookmarks.

4. Select the location where you want your exported file to be saved, then click Save.

To restore the bookmarks, follow step-1, step-2 and in step-3 select Import bookmarks instead of Export bookmarks and proceed.

Saving a Bookmark file in Opera

1. From the File menu, select the option Import and Export.

2. Scroll over to the pull-down menu on the right and choose Export Bookmarks as HTML.

3. On the next screen, choose the destination folder from the Save in menu text box at the top of the screen.

4. Just click the Save button and you’re done.

What are Private and Public IP Addresses

Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are usually of two types: Public and Private. If you have ever wondered to know what is the difference between a public and a private IP address, then you are at the right place. In this post I will try to explain the difference between a public and a private IP addres in layman’s terms so that it becomes simple and easy to understand.

What are Public IP Addresses?

A public IP address is assigned to every computer that connects to the Internet where each IP is unique. Hence there cannot exist two computers with the same public IP address all over the Internet. This addressing scheme makes it possible for the computers to “find each other” online and exchange information. User has no control over the IP address (public) that is assigned to the computer. The public IP address is assigned to the computer by the Internet Service Provider as soon as the computer is connected to the Internet gateway.

A public IP address can be either static or dynamic. A static public IP address does not change and is used primarily for hosting webpages or services on the Internet. On the other hand a dynamic public IP address is chosen from a pool of available addresses and changes each time one connects to the Internet. Most Internet users will only have a dynamic IP assigned to their computer which goes off when the computer is disconnected from the Internet. Thus when it is re-connected it gets a new IP.

You can check your public IP address by visiting www.whatismyip.com

What are Private IP Addresses?

An IP address is considered private if the IP number falls within one of the IP address ranges reserved for private networks such as a Local Area Network (LAN). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private networks (local networks):

10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (Total Addresses: 16,777,216)
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (Total Addresses: 1,048,576)
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (Total Addresses: 65,536)

Private IP addresses are user for numbering the computers in a private network including home, school and business LANs in airports and hotels which makes it possible for the computers in the network to communicate with each other. Say for example, if a network X consists of 10 computers each of them can be given an IP starting from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.10. Unlike the public IP, the administrator of the private network is free to assign an IP address of his own choice (provided the IP number falls in the private IP address range as mentioned above).

Devices with private IP addresses cannot connect directly to the Internet. Likewise, computers outside the local network cannot connect directly to a device with a private IP. It is possible to interconnect two private networks with the help of a router or a similar device that supports Network Address Translation.

If the private network is connected to the Internet (through an Internet connection via ISP) then each computer will have a private IP as well as a public IP. Private IP is used for communication within the network where as the public IP is used for communication over the Internet. Most Internet users with a DSL/ADSL connection will have both a private as well as a public IP.

You can know your private IP by typing ipconfig command in the command prompt. The number that you see against “IPV4 Address:” is your private IP which in most cases will be 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.1.2. Unlike the public IP, private IP addresses are always static in nature.

Unlike what most people assume, a private IP is neither the one which is impossible to trace (just like the private telephone number) nor the one reserved for stealth Internet usage. In reality there is no public IP address that is impossible to trace since the protocol itself is designed for transperancy.

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How to Hack an Ethernet ADSL Router

How to Hack an Ethernet ADSL Router Almost half of the Internet users across the globe use ADSL routers/modems to connect to the Internet however, most of them are unaware of the fact that it has a serious vulnerability which can easily be exploited even by a noob hacker just like you. In this post I will show you how to exploit a common vulnerability that lies in most ADSL routers so as to gain complete access to the router settings and ISP login details. Every router comes with a username and password using which it is possible to gain access to the router settings and configure the device. The vulnerability actually lies in the Default username and password that comes with the factory settings. Usually the routers come preconfigured from the Internet Service provider and hence the users do not bother to change the password later. This makes it possible for the attackers to gain unauthorized access and modify the router settings using a common set of default usernames and passwords. Here is how you can do it. Before you proceed, you need the following tool in the process Angry IP Scanner Here is a detailed information on how to exploit the vulnerability of an ADSL router. Step-1: Go to www.whatismyipaddress.com. Once the page is loaded you will find your IP address. Note it down. Step-2: Open Angry IP Scanner, here you will see an option called IP Range: where you need to enter the range of IP address to scan for. Suppose your IP is 117.192.195.101, you can set the range something as 117.192.194.0 to 117.192.200.255 so that there exists atleast 200-300 IP addresses in the range. Step-3: Go to Tools->Preferences and select the Ports tab. Under Port selection enter 80 (we need to scan for port 80). Now switch to the Display tab, select the option “Hosts with open ports only” and click on OK. I have used Angry IP Scanner v3.0 beta-4. If you are using a different version, you need to Go to Options instead ofTools Step-4: Now click on Start. After a few minutes, the IP scanner will show a list of IPs with Port 80 open as shown in the below image. Step-5: Now copy any of the IP from the list, paste it in your browser’s address bar and hit enter. A window will popup asking for username and password. Since most users do not change the passwords, it should most likely work with the default username and password. For most routers the default username-password pair will be admin-admin or admin-password. Just enter the username-password as specified above and hit enter. If you are lucky you should gain access to the router settings page where you can modify any of the router settings. The settings page can vary from router to router. A sample router settings page is shown below. If you do not succeed to gain access, select another IP from the list and repeat the step-5. Atleast 1 out of 5 IPs will have a default password and hence you will surely be able to gain access. What can an Attacker do by Gaining Access to the Router Settings? By gaining access to the router settings, it is possible for an attacker to modify any of the router settings which results in the malfunction of the router. As a result the target user’s computer will be disconnected from the Internet. In the worst case the attacker can copy the ISP login details from the router to steal the Internet connection or play any kind of prank with the router settings. So the victim has to reconfigure the router in order to bring it back to action. The Verdict: If you are using an ADSL router to connect to the Internet, it is highly recommended that you immediately change your password to prevent any such attacks in the future. Who knows, you may be the next victim of such an attack. Since the configuration varies from router to router, you need to contact your ISP for details on how to change the password for your model. Warning! All the information provided in this post are for educational purposes only. Please do not use this information for illegal purposes. 10 Best Apps for Linux The latest Ubuntu release, 10.04 Lucid Lynx, has been available for free Download since the end of April. It allows folks new to Linux to comfortably transition to the free operating system. These apps are must have ones that cater to both the new folks on Ubuntu and the veterans on Fedora and other variants.